Der Umgangston in dem niederbayerischen Restaurant war rau. Auch mit seinem Küchenchef hatte Daniel Probleme. "Einmal habe ich abends die Küche geputzt und zwei Flecken vergessen. Ich hatte sie einfach nicht gesehen", erzählt er. Abends um elf klingelte sein Handy, der Küchenchef war dran. Er wollte wissen, warum Daniel die Flecken nicht weggeputzt habe. Am nächsten Tag ging Daniel mit einem mulmigen Gefühl zur Arbeit. Als er den Küchenchef traf, hatte der noch zwei weitere Flecken entdeckt. "Er hat mir gedroht, dass er mir deswegen einen Urlaubstag abzieht", erzählt Daniel. "Ich wusste aber, dass er das nicht darf und habe zu ihm gesagt: 'Wenn Sie das machen, zieh' ich vor Gericht.'"
Als man den Ausbildungsbetrieb mit Daniels Vorwürfen konfrontiert, will man nicht bestätigen, dass Daniel als "Depp" oder "Idiot" bezeichnet wurde. Der Betrieb lässt jedoch ausrichten, dass man den "beim Küchenbetrieb in Spitzenbelastungszeiten gelegentlich aufkommenden, raueren Ton" nicht in Abrede stelle.
Gewerkschaft drohte Betrieb mit Prozess
Um sein Gehalt musste Daniel kämpfen. Im zweiten Lehrjahr bekam er nur etwa 530 Euro brutto. Der Tarifvertrag, an dem sich die übliche Vergütung in der Gastronomie orientiert, sah aber 740 Euro für Koch-Lehrlinge vor. Daniel meldete sich bei der Gewerkschaft, die seinen Betrieb kontaktierte. "Erst als es hieß, die Sache geht jetzt vor Gericht, hat mein Chef auf einmal gesagt: 'Okay, wir zahlen's‘“, sagt Daniel. Der Betrieb lenkte ein und zahlte Daniel den tariflich vorgesehenen Satz.
Das Geld war jeden Monat schnell weg, allein durch die Fixkosten. Das Restaurant stellte Daniel eine kleine Betriebswohnung, die 200 Euro kostete. Zweimal pro Woche musste er zur Berufsschule nach Passau fahren, für die Zugtickets gab er jeden Monat über 200 Euro aus. Wenn man noch das Geld für die Sozialabgaben abzieht, war von seinem Gehalt kaum noch etwas übrig. "Es war unmöglich, davon zu leben", sagt Daniel. "Wenn meine Eltern mich nicht unterstützt hätten, hätte ich das nicht geschafft."
Jugendschutz? Hat keinen interessiert
Als Azubi arbeitete er oft zu viel. Die Arbeitszeiten im Restaurant waren ohnehin schon recht hart. Daniel war mittags in der Küche, hatte dann ein paar Stunden Pause und musste abends wieder ran, wenn die meisten Freunde Freizeit hatten. Als er mit 15 Jahren seine Ausbildung begann, hätte er laut dem Jugendschutzgesetz nur bis 20 Uhr arbeiten dürfen. "Meistens bin ich aber erst zwischen 22 und 22.30 Uhr nach Hause gekommen", erzählt Daniel.
Als man den Betrieb auf die Arbeitszeiten anspricht, heißt es, dass Daniel "weder öfter noch regelmäßig nach 20 Uhr im Ausbildungseinsatz" gewesen sei. Es könne allerdings nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass das "ausnahmsweise" vorgekommen sei.
Die Statistik zeigt, dass viele Koch-Azubis ähnliche Probleme haben wie Daniel. Mehr als die Hälfte der Azubis in der Hotel- und Gastrobranche macht regelmäßig Überstunden. Und nur ein Teil hält bis zum Ende durch: Jeder zweite Koch-Lehrling bricht seine Ausbildung ab oder wechselt den Betrieb.
Jeder zweite Koch-Lehrling bricht ab oder wechselt den Betrieb
Daniel erzählt, dass sich die Situation für ihn erst verbesserte, als ein neuer Küchenchef kam. "Er hat mich viel besser
behandelt als der erste." Doch die gute Atmosphäre hielt nicht lange, da der neue Küchenchef krank wurde. Daniel fand, dass unter dem Vertretungs-Chef das Niveau der Küche schlechter wurde und stritt sich oft mit ihm. Immer wieder kam es zu Konflikten – bis Daniel schließlich fristlos gekündigt wurde.
Daniel weiß, dass auch er Fehler gemacht hat. Gegen die Kündigung hat er sich nicht gewehrt. Stattdessen hat er sich einen neuen Job gesucht. Er hatte Glück und ist jetzt Koch in einem Restaurant, in dem die Atmosphäre ganz anders ist: "Ich muss kaum Überstunden machen, und in der Küche wird niemand angeschrien oder beleidigt. Das macht wirklich einen Unterschied."
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